considerable volumes of timber for the wood processing industries.  For example, in the 1992 

93 fiscal year, timber volume from proposed plantation sites exceeded targets from the total 

natural production forests areas managed under the TPTI system in West Kalimantan.  

Under Forestry s existing command and control regulation systems, the requirement to monitor 

forest practices with widely divergent extraction and harvest procedures increased dramatically.  

Given the current limited management capacity to oversee a natural forest system for only 

timber, these multiple use systems (HPH/HTI) place additional requirements on this capacity.  

Without the additional monitoring and revised protocols to incorporate both production and 

plantation forestry at the same site, the levels of abuse to natural production forests will 

increase.  

2.6.3  Absence of Full Forest Management Rights for Local Communities  

Full rights to forest management have been withheld from local communities and the private 

sector.  The intention of this strategy was to maximize profits for concession holders, resulting in 

increased royalties paid to the government and thereby improve the national economy. Another 

reason for withholding local forest rights has been to prevent excessive exploitation and lack of 

accountability resulting from a community selling its rights to third parties. The central 

government and the concession holders view local residents as a major liability to their forest 

management objectives and as being susceptible to high paying outsiders. The logic behind this 

reasoning may lie with the desire to maintain and maximize profits of existing timber concession 

companies, often with powerful political backing. 

Local peoples' rights to forest resources and land are particularly problematic within a natural 

production forest. Indonesian law does not recognize overlapping land use rights or 

designations (e.g., adat, or traditional inherited land and resources rights by groups or 

individuals).  In all cases, primacy is given to the rights of concessions.  Under the community 

forestry (Perhutanan Kemasyarakatan) program, villagers may harvest some non timber forest 

products but not timber for sale, and these programs are administered in only a few concession 

areas. 

The NRMP response to the absence of full forest management rights for local communities was 

to promote the establishment of  Traditional Forest Areas  (TFA). The establishment and 

recognition of traditional rights was addressed through consultative interaction with villages 

adjacent to Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park.  Present and historic management regimes 

were compiled through working with community members. During this process, the local 

institutional base for resources rights was identified.  Although considered by many to be an 

important component of forest use, the traditional inherited land and resources rights (adat) in 

these communities were breaking down.  Historically, local adat rights had focused on social 

interactions within a few communities within a watershed rather than on human resources 

interactions across multiple levels or on domestic and internal markets. Historic management 

arrangements in this area of Kalimantan offered only limited opportunities for effective input to 

resources management given current market pressures and political interests. 

Community sketch mapping and agricultural histories were used to determine areas where local 

communities either held perceived or legitimate claims (NRMP Report No. 52). These concepts 

were developed into a project design for traditional forest areas within concessions that 

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