and regional development.  Throughout this process, multi stakeholder participation must be 

developed and nurtured to a point of ownership, far beyond mere consultation as prescribed by 

the National Park Management Plan Guidelines and as experienced by NRMP. 

NRMP focused on management plan preparation for two of Indonesia's thirty six national parks: 

Bunaken and Bukit Baka Bukit Raya.  While both are national parks, Bunaken and Bukit Baka 

Bukit Raya have very little else in common.  Bunaken is a marine park located just minutes from 

Manado, the capital of North Sulawesi.  With its international reputation for diving, Bunaken is a 

major growing tourist destination.  Relatively isolated, Bukit Baka Bukit Raya is a mostly 

montane tropical forest block straddling the provincial border of West and Central Kalimantan.  

This terrestrial park is located more than a day's journey from either of its associated provincial 

capitals, and is of far greater interest to the seven timber concessions surrounding it than it is to 

tourists.   

Although significantly different in terms of conservation values, access, and stakeholder interest, 

both national parks had Twenty Five Year Management Plans prepared by NRMP consultants 

under the guidelines set forth by the MoFr.  Beyond this, NRMP attempted to develop these two 

management plans in a participatory nature, consulting perceived stakeholders (with an 

emphasis on local communities) throughout the process.  The two management plans have 

been submitted and approved, and are being utilized by their Park Heads (KTN).  

3.4.2  Bunaken National Park  

Located just a short boat ride away from the North Sulawesi provincial capital at Manado and its 

international airport, Bunaken National Park is an internationally acclaimed scuba diving 

destination (Fig. 3.1).  Its park status acknowledges ecosystems worthy of preservation to 

maintain and further cultivate tourism development and support the fishing sector.  Its coral 

reefs and steep walls team with brightly colored fish and other marine life.  The Park's 

conservation value consists of its great marine biodiversity and tourism potential.  Located in the 

 coral triangle  or center of the world's most diverse marine regions (eastern Indonesia, 

southern Philippines and the northern Great 

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