1) identify examples from Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya where food aid has been targeted

successfully in emergencies  (in terms of cost effectiveness and beneficiary impact) to areas and

groups identified as being highly vulnerable, and describe the elements which make these

programs successful. This involves examining these cases in the context of addressing such basic

questions as:

How has demographic targeting been used alone or in conjunction with other

forms of targeting  (e.g. geographic) and how has this affected overall performance and cost 

effectiveness of successful food aid interventions?

How effectively have these cases involved market based targeting approaches so

as to reduce food aid requirements, strengthen basic food security enhancing structures and

improve the targeting efficiency of food aid interventions?

2) identify the current and most significant constraints both within and across the three countries to

"improved targeting of  food aid  to vulnerable populations",

3) recommend where FEWS assistance might be provided to help strengthen contingency and

response planning processes and mechanisms at the country level that will lead to  improved

targeting of food aid to vulnerable groups"

4) determine where there are critical information gaps which impede the ability of host countries

working in conjunction with FEWS,  NGOs, the WFP and  others to develop cost effective targeting

plans for use under emergency conditions, and

5)  provide recommendations to REDSO/FFP and BHR/FFP and AFR/SD/CMR which help them

better understand  "how the various methodologies in needs assessments might be employed or

modified to obtain critical information, such as the identification of  the most vulnerable groups, a

clearer understanding of coping mechanisms and how this might affect the level and type of food

commodities being delivered." ( FFP FY 2000 Results Report and Resources Request  p.19).

The study will not focus extensively on household level targeting, due to the limited amount of time

available.  Instead, the study will focus on improving the area level targeting of food aid, and on

examining alternative mechanisms to targeting food aid when emergencies occur.  Similarly, the

study will focus on the targeting of food aid in response to slow onset emergencies like drought.

Targeting in other situations, such as in conflicts or in refugee camps, involves other issues which

will be beyond the scope of this study.

It is expected that these recommendations would be useful for all actors involved in food aid

delivery and targeting, including national governments, international organizations, donors and

NGOs. All recommendations will include next steps for improving targeting in each country.

The study will explore alternatives to the currently dominant practice of administrative targeting of

free food. The strengths and weaknesses of each alternative mechanism will be discussed.

Minimum data requirements to improve targeting will be outlined.  Specific recommendations on

how what types of information can better inform targeting decisions in Kenya, Tanzania and

Uganda through monitoring or vulnerability assessment work will be included.

Methodology

To meet the objectives, the study will include the following steps:

an examination of the current targeting practices in the three countries;

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