an evaluation of how well basic information needed in the design of a targeted intervention (i.e.

answers to the WHERE, WHO, WHAT, WHEN and HOW questions   see Technical Annex)  is

integrated within the design of the targeted intervention, as well as how information which monitors

the IMPACT of the targeting program upon vulnerable groups is used to adjust the targeting

strategy/program when necessary.

an evaluation of how well current targeting practices/mechanisms are meeting humanitarian,

efficiency and development objectives;

recommendations to improve the targeting systems in each country, fully cognizant of the limited

resources available in the region.

The focus of the study will be on area level targeting rather than community or household level

targeting.  All mechanisms for targeting will be considered.  Information will be gathered in Nairobi,

Dar es Salaam and Kampala/Entebbe on the structures, policies and methodologies used by

governments, international organizations, donors and NGOs to identify the areas requiring

assistance and to design targeting mechanisms to reach the most vulnerable.  Government

guidelines and policies on food aid and food aid targeting will be reviewed and evaluated, where

available.  Efforts will be made to understand who controls decisions on food aid allocations from

various sources, including the governments' own stocks. At the national capital level, an

appreciation of geographic targeting should be garnered and perceptions of local and household

level targeting will be sought.  Discussions will be held about alternative targeting methods and

about data constraints and requirements.

It will not be possible to complete the second or third steps based solely on information gathered in

the national capitals.  If detailed sets of household survey data were available, it theoretically could

be possible to evaluate targeting effectiveness  remotely , using quantitative methods (such as

was done in the recent Ethiopia study by Clay, et al).   Because such data are not available in East

Africa, qualitative methods will be used to assess the impact and effectiveness of targeting.  The

experiences and insights of local authorities, operational agencies, communities and individuals

will be sought through case studies.  The 1997 drought/flood emergencies will be used as a

reference year for this evaluation.

Where possible, the case studies will take place in areas identified as the most affected

during the 1997 drought/flood emergency.  Additional case studies will be undertaken in

one or more areas per country where targeting efforts were reportedly most effective.

Coverage will include areas where NGOs are active in food aid programs, and areas where

no NGO operates.  A mix of different targeting mechanisms will be reviewed, if possible

(e.g., food  for work as well as free food).  Interviews will be held with local authorities,

community leaders and NGOs at the district and divisional level to determine how food aid

targeting is done and how effective various actors believe the targeting is at reaching the

most needy.

Team Structure

The team will include one international consultant and one local consultant. Host country

governments and WFP will be invited to participate as members of each in country study team.

The FEWS regional representative for the Greater Horn of Africa will assist with overall design and

support, while FEWS country and regional representatives in the three countries will assist at the

national level with information collection, identifying contacts, selection of locations for case

studies and transportation when possible.

A debriefing should be held in each country at the conclusion of the Mission representatives from:

host country governments with responsibility for food aid, USAIDs, WFP, PVOs and others

deemed appropriate by USAID Missions. Linkages with regional bodies such as the East African

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