Community and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development should be promoted where

appropriate.

Schedule and Deliverables

The study should commence on or before July 1, 1998.  Roughly three weeks should be allocated

per country, with three weeks reserved for preparation of the final report.  It is tentatively planned

that the team will visit Tanzania (July 1998), Uganda (July August 1998) and Kenya (August

1998.)

The team will be responsible for the following deliverables:

Ten hard copies of a draft report, and an electronic copy in Word v7.0. and Word Perfect v5.2.

The draft should be submitted to the RFFR/GHA in Nairobi no later than September 11, 1998.

Debriefings in each of the three countries based on the draft report, to be completed no later than

September 18, 1998.

Ten hard copies of the final report, and an electronic copy in Word v7. and Word Perfect v5.2.

The final report should be submitted to the RFFR/GHA in Nairobi, no later than September 30,

1998.

A debriefing will be held in Nairobi o/a September 18.

Possible Follow on Activities

The team may be requested to participate in a regional debriefing/follow on meeting after the final

report has been circulated. It is likely that many of the recommendations emanating from this study

will involve follow on activities.  Some of these activities might be relevant to various actors within

USAID (GHAI, FFP, Missions, FEWS), governments, international organizations or other donors.

It might also be useful to focus on the regional issues identified during the course of the study with

a regional audience.  Although the need for such follow on activities can not be pre judged, a

regional meeting might be necessary to discuss the findings and follow on in more depth.  The

need and interest for such a follow on meeting will be assessed during the month of September.

Technical Annex

There is an extensive literature on food targeting which has grown over the last twenty years. The

International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Stanford s Food Policy Research Institute,

The World Bank, Michigan State University and other USAID financed research has analyzed a

wide range of targeting issues. USAID s interest in targeting has evolved from the research

undertaken under the "Consumption Effects of Economic Policy Project" to more recent analysis

done by the "Agricultural Policy Analysis Project".  In recent literature, targeting has been defined

by Jaspars and Young

21

 as  restricting the coverage of an intervention to those who are perceived

to be most at risk, in order to maximize the benefit of the intervention whilst minimizing the costs. 

Sharp

22

 gives three general reasons for targeting:

Humanitarian reasons

:  so that the really needy are assisted and the less needy do not benefit

unfairly;

Resource and efficiency reasons

:  so that scarce resources are used in such a way that they

have the greatest impact on the problem to be addressed;

21

 Jaspers, S. and H. Young, 1995, General Food Distributions in Emergencies:  from Nutritional Needs to

Political Priorities, ODI/EuronAid Relief and Rehabilitation Network, Good Practice Review 3, Overseas

Development Institute, London, UK

22

 Sharp, K., 1997, Targeting Food Aid in Ethiopia, Save the Children Fund (UK), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

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