to which targeting is CONTROLLED (i.e.  determined administratively or through other means) or

left UNCONTROLLED (i.e.,  self targeting )  

Administrative targeting

 means that someone must

select the beneficiaries of a program, ideally using some type of objective criterion.  For financial

and administrative cost reasons, self targeting approaches will be less costly than controlled

approaches.  Markets can be used in either controlled or self targeting programs. Recent research

from East and Southern Africa points out that "market reforms have already helped to reduce and

stabilize consumer prices in the region through the development of informal marketing channels for

low cost commodities such as yellow maize and whole maize meal" (Jayne and Jones, 1997, p.

1521) Market based approaches which do not involve subsidies are generally preferred over those

which involve subsidies. Other more costly market  based approaches releasing food into the

market to bring down prices and subsidizing prices for certain commodities

.  Non  market related

self targeting

 usually involves using low preference foodstuffs or food for work or cash for work

programs to encourage the participation of the most needy.

Demographic targeting means selecting beneficiaries according to group characteristics such as

pregnant and lactating women, malnourished children, female headed households, etc.

Demographic targeting is often based on either assumptions about WHO requires targeted

assistance, such as in the case of children under the age of five as well as pregnant and lactating

mothers.  Demographic targeting can also be appropriate when explicit information about the

needs of specific vulnerable groups is known. It can also be used in conjunction with geographic

targeting when information about high risk areas is available.

A 72